Specialist organisms that have become highly adapted to one environment are then often not so adaptable as less specialized organisms and are at a disadvantage in a changing environment ( adaptation versus adaptability ) 高度特化的生物体只适应于某种特定的环境，以至于它们没有其他非高度特化的生物体那样强的普遍适应性，一旦环境发生变化，这些生物体不具备生存优势。
As independent directors are at a disadvantage , their size hardly has any impact on the development and performance of companies ; their proportion in board of directors and annual salary have no significant positive correlation with company performance 由于独立董事在国内所处的弱势地位，独立董事规模大小几乎不能影响公司的发展态势和绩效；独立董事比例、年度报酬与公司的经营业绩不存在显著的正相关关系。
Therefore this leads to two results : the first is that after china ’ s accession into world trade organization ( wto ) , soe will be at a disadvantage in the fierce competition with foreign capital and private enterprises for professional managers ; the second is that the serious “ insider control ” problems in some soes results in the running - off of the state - owned assets 缺乏对国有企业经营者的有效的激励和约束机制会导致两种结果:一是加入wto后,国有企业将面对与外资和民营企业日益激烈的人才竞争,特别在更加激烈的经理人才市场竞争方面处于不利地位,使国有企业大量优秀经营人才流失到外资和民营企业。
To some extent , it may precisely be because of the advantaged position of top management that independent directors are at a disadvantage , which is difficult to improve owing to the concentration of shareholder structure on non - circulating shareholders and the emphasis of business operation by board of directors and board of supervisors 在某种程度上，可能正是经理阶层处于高层管理人员的强势地位使得独立董事处于弱势，而这种弱势因股东结构向非流通股股东的集中及董事会和监事会强调经营事务而难以出现改善的迹象。
